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bee improvement | protocol | update 15 | working together | contract | events | biosecurity | b4 | swarm control | cornwall bee improvement and bee breeders group this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-noncommercial-sharealike 2.5 license except the images of damaged mites and the bees chewing a pupa: © rodger dewhurst 2006 and 2008. -- vision of varroa tolerance in cornwall, the peninsula in 2002 james kilty (secretary), lol oakes (chair) and rodger dewhurst (treasurer) founded the cornwall bee improvement and bee breeders group. we recruited 17 new members in the first year bringing the total of colonies to 152 rising to over 30 in 2006 with around 300 colonies and 40 in 2012, throughout the length and breadth of cornwall. members are drawn from both the main beekeepers' associations in cornwall and from the bee farmers' association and the group is open to anybeekeeper, irrespective of whether they belong to an associaion or not. the group is affiliated to bibba, the bee improvement and bee breeders association , which has an international membership. the vision is to use the advantages of the peninsula to provide an increasingly protected zone of improvement which can expand up the peninsula. selection for good temper hitherto, bee improvement has involved selecting for characters for temperament and the beekeeper's management style which suited the local environment. temperament is usually thought to involve 4 main characters: non-stinging, non-following, non-rising and quiet on the comb (see picture) (in order of priority). what this means is that the opposite characters are deemed undesirable: stinging, following, rising and running on the comb. it is taken that the first of these is connected with the state of the queen, whereas the last three are inherited. what this means is that replacing a queen from a stinging colony will usually cure the problem immediately, whereas the last three continue until the new queen's progeny have replaced the previous queen's daughters, from 6 weeks on, fading to as many as 10 weeks later. selection for local thriving the other characters selected have depended on the preference of the beekeeper. in west cornwall, weather patterns have favoured the survival of bees with characters corresponding to the native british honeybee, apis mellifera mellifera . importation of italian (a.m. ligustica ), slovenian (a.m. carnica ), caucasian (a.m. caucasica ) and buckfast (a cross between races which have included african bees) has left traces of all races within the genetic heritage of the local bee. this is because we favour open mating, whereby queen bees mate in flight, often traveling several kilometres to a drone assembly, especially in prolonged periods of fine weather. whilst the weather is so variable, drone assemblies are infrequent, though sometimes are local, and two factors limit mating to drones with native or near-native characters. the first is that only drones willing to fly in lower temperatures or unfavourable weather, such as drizzle, will be available to queens simultaeously willing to leave their colony on a mating flight. the second is the ability of the bees to mate close to the apiary, “apiary vicinity mating”. our preference for open mating is based on the assumption that we should do our best to maintain the genetic pool along with the variations in strains acclimatised to the diverse habitats and locations in cornwall. native characters it is our policy to favour these native characters for a number of reasons. low temperature flying and longevity in particular, more than make up for the tendency of the native bee to be non-prolific. what this means in practice is that the italian characteristic of being prolific, and producing large sized colonies works well only in long periods of warm weather, such as we occasionally get in late may and summer, sometimes starting in march or april for up to 4 weeks. these periods are more common further east in the u.k. and uncommon here, with short periods of warm humid conditions prevailing. the native bees respond very rapidly to nectar flows and short periods of good weather which can result in good crops. we can normally expect 3-5 supers of honey from our breeders and their best daughters, whereas others typically yield 2. in a reasonable year we can consistently get an average of 160lb honey from colonies in an apiary - my very best yield was slightly over 200lb. all these are from static hives. yields can of course be increased if colonies are moved to oil seed rape or heather. other characters enable our bees to survive long periods of confinement: excellent pollen collection and storage; responsiveness to poor weather by reducing brood rearing; frugality in use of stores, particularly in winter. this last arises because of the tendency for native bees to fatten up on autumn pollen and use this fat reserve instead of honey stores to keep warm throughout winter. selection for varroa tolerance we have now added to this list, any character which seems to point in the direction of varroa limitation. in the wild, apis cerana, the eastern honeybee, survives by limiting varroa numbers to less than about 800, a non-lethal level. above about 1000 varroa in a colony, the transmission of lethal viruses may be triggered. above about 2500 varroa, many colonies will succumb sooner or later. this is particularly so in late summer and autumn, when brood numbers reduce to levels below the number of varroa. this means that more than one varroa enters the cell of a larva to breed. since the varroa also incubate some viruses and pass them on to the larvae as they feed, larvae are increasingly likely to succumb as the numbers of varroa increase and the numbers of larvae decrease. winter losses can be high unless treatment is timed correctly. characters of varroa tolerance we have seen bees removing pupae along with the varroa on them (and also wax moth larvae). we have seen varroa on the collecting tray damaged by grooming, including obviously lethal damage. we have seen intermittently high varroa falls, accompanied by damage to the mites. we have found colonies with very high and very low mite falls. this suggests that individual colonies vary in their tendency to grow and maintain varroa populations. we have also found colonies with higher mite counts with no obvious viral damage and colonies with lower mite counts with obvious mite damage. this suggests that our colonies vary in their susceptibility to viruses. we have seen workers chewing out pupae infested by varroa, coupled with piles of pupal pieces such as antennae together with damaged mites on the varroa collecting tray. (we know that bees with vsh (varroa sensitive hygiene), formerly known as smr (suppressed mite reproduction) chew out pupae at about the purple eye stage - see video produced at ars/usda). (we also recognise the reports from individuals and groups in other countries of bees with these characters from other programmes of selection). these pieces include antennae, legs, pupal casings and purple eyes. often there are such pieces without mites too. rodger dewhurst has reported a correlation between his selection criterion that bees bite the beekeeper and hygienic behaviour of all observed kinds mentioned, particularly mite damage. he has been using this criterion for several years on the grounds that this is one of the two primary defences of the honeybee. examination of damaged mites suggests that the pincer action of the tips of the mandibles produces dimples on varroa and the scissor action of the main part of the mandible is responsible for slicing varroa, sometimes into two pieces. we know that john dews with albert knight has been selecting breeders with this trait as had wallner (varroa kill factor) and other groups have reported such mite damage. we have also seen bits of spiders and earwigs on the tray, suggesting that these are also chopped into pieces. rodger has

URL analysis for cbibbg.co.uk

http://www.cbibbg.co.uk//images/twin_dents_big.jpg
http://www.cbibbg.co.uk//swarm_control.htm
http://www.cbibbg.co.uk//images/pupal_debris_with_immature_mites_close.jpg
http://www.cbibbg.co.uk//images/cool_air_cluster_big.jpg
http://www.cbibbg.co.uk//images/medium_pupal_debris_waxmoth_poop_close.jpg
http://www.cbibbg.co.uk//images/bald_and_chewed_big.jpg
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http://www.cbibbg.co.uk//images/bees_chewing_pupa_1_big.jpg
http://www.cbibbg.co.uk//index.htm
http://www.cbibbg.co.uk//images/heavy_damage_big.jpg
http://www.cbibbg.co.uk//images/pupal_debris_with_mites2_close.jpg
http://www.cbibbg.co.uk//images/pupal_bits8_big.jpg
http://www.cbibbg.co.uk//events.htm
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Whois Information

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Domain name:
cbibbg.co.uk

Registrant:
james kilty

Registrant type:
Other UK Entity (e.g. clubs, associations, many universities)

Registrant's address:
chywidden
trescowe common
penzance
cornwall
TR20 9RU
United Kingdom

Data validation:
Nominet was able to match the registrant's name and address against a 3rd party data source on 08-Feb-2014

Registrar:
123-Reg Limited t/a 123-reg [Tag = 123-REG]
URL: http://www.123-reg.co.uk

Relevant dates:
Registered on: 13-Oct-2012
Expiry date: 13-Oct-2019
Last updated: 19-Oct-2017

Registration status:
Registered until expiry date.

Name servers:
ns.123-reg.co.uk 212.67.202.2
ns2.123-reg.co.uk 62.138.132.21

WHOIS lookup made at 11:30:19 27-Oct-2017

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  REFERRER http://www.nominet.org.uk

  REGISTRAR Nominet UK

SERVERS

  SERVER co.uk.whois-servers.net

  ARGS cbibbg.co.uk

  PORT 43

  TYPE domain

OWNER

  ORGANIZATION james kilty

TYPE
Other UK Entity (e.g. clubs, associations, many universities)

ADDRESS
chywidden
trescowe common
penzance
cornwall
TR20 9RU
United Kingdom
Data validation:
Nominet was able to match the registrant's name and address against a 3rd party data source on 08-Feb-2014

DOMAIN

  SPONSOR 123-Reg Limited t/a 123-reg [Tag = 123-REG]

  CREATED 2012-10-13

  CHANGED 2017-10-19

STATUS
Registered until expiry date.

NSERVER

  NS.123-REG.CO.UK 212.67.202.2

  NS2.123-REG.CO.UK 62.138.132.21

  NAME cbibbg.co.uk

DISCLAIMER
This WHOIS information is provided for free by Nominet UK the central registry
for .uk domain names. This information and the .uk WHOIS are:
Copyright Nominet UK 1996 - 2017.
You may not access the .uk WHOIS or use any data from it except as permitted
by the terms of use available in full at http://www.nominet.uk/whoisterms,
which includes restrictions on: (A) use of the data for advertising, or its
repackaging, recompilation, redistribution or reuse (B) obscuring, removing
or hiding any or all of this notice and (C) exceeding query rate or volume
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register. Access may be withdrawn or restricted at any time.

  REGISTERED yes

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